In the 7th century, the territory that is now eastern Ukraine was the centre of Old Great Bulgaria. The Goths stayed in the area, but came under the sway of the Huns from the 370s. įrom the 6th century BC, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine colonies were established on the north-eastern shore of the Black Sea, such as at Tyras, Olbia, and Chersonesus. Between 700 BC and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian kingdom. During the Iron Age, the land was inhabited by Iranian-speaking Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians. Early Indo-European migrations from the Pontic steppes in the 3rd millennium BC spread Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Europe. The Kurgan hypothesis places the Volga-Dnieper region of Ukraine and southern Russia as the linguistic homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Ukraine is also considered to be the likely location of the first domestication of the horse. By 4,500 BC, the Neolithic Cucuteni–Trypillia culture was flourishing in wide areas of modern Ukraine, including Trypillia and the entire Dnieper- Dniester region. Settlement by modern humans in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the Gravettian culture in the Crimean Mountains. Main article: History of Ukraine Early history Early Indo-European migrations from the Pontic steppes of present-day Ukraine and Russia It is in the process of joining the European Union and has submitted an application for NATO membership. It is a founding member of the United Nations, as well as a member of the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, and the OSCE. However, due to its extensive fertile land, pre-war Ukraine was one of the largest grain exporters in the world. A developing country, it is the poorest country in Europe by nominal GDP per capita and corruption remains a significant issue. Ukraine is a unitary state with a semi-presidential system. Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Since the outbreak of war with Russia, Ukraine has continued to seek closer ties with the United States, European Union, and NATO. Russia then unilaterally annexed Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and pro-Russian unrest culminated in a war in the Donbas between Russian-backed separatists and government forces in eastern Ukraine. A series of mass demonstrations, known as the Euromaidan, led to the establishment of a new government in 2014 after a revolution. Ukraine gained independence in 1991 as the Soviet Union dissolved, and declared itself neutral. The German occupation during World War II in Ukraine was devastating: 7 million Ukrainian civilians were killed, including the majority of Ukrainian Jews. In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died in the Holodomor, a human-made famine. The Bolsheviks consolidated control over much of the former empire and established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union when it was formed in 1922. Ukrainian nationalism developed, and following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic was formed. The Cossack Hetmanate emerged in central Ukraine in the 17th century, but was partitioned between Russia and Poland, and ultimately absorbed by the Russian Empire. The area was then contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers for the next 600 years, including the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia. The state eventually disintegrated into rival regional powers and was ultimately destroyed by the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. Ukraine's official language is Ukrainian Russian is also widely spoken, especially in the east and south.ĭuring the Middle Ages, Ukraine was the site of early Slavic expansion and the area later became a key centre of East Slavic culture under the state of Kievan Rus', which emerged in the 9th century. Kyiv is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Kharkiv, Dnipro and Odesa. It also borders Belarus to the north Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west and Romania and Moldova to the southwest with a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, romanized: Ukraina, pronounced ( listen)) is a country in Eastern Europe.
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